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  • HISTORY
    • Overview
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    • The Hunley’s Sinkings
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The Friends of The HunleyThe Friends of The Hunley
  • VISIT
    • Weekend Visit
    • School Visit
    • Group Visit
    • Directions
  • HISTORY
    • Overview
    • Timeline
    • The Civil War
    • Naval Innovation
    • The Hunley is Born
    • The Hunley’s Sinkings
    • History is Made
    • The Search and Recovery
    • The Burial
  • SCIENCE
    • Overview
    • Timeline
    • Excavation
    • Artifacts
    • Facial Reconstructions
    • Conservation
  • THE MYSTERY
    • Overview
    • Evidence
    • Theories
  • NEWS
    • Press Releases
    • Research
  • ABOUT US
    • Contact
    • Volunteer
  • SHOP
  • DONATE
    • Donate
    • Become a Member
    • Renew Membership
  • BUY TICKETS

FAC­IAL RE­­CON­S­TRUC­TIONS

The Faces of History

Currently, there are no known photographs of the early submarine pioneers that manned the Hunley. In order to put a face on their contribution to maritime history, the Hunley Project created visual reconstructions of the crew in preparation for their burial in 2004.

Each skull was cast and the cast served as the foundation that defined the shape of the face. Forensic information was also incorporated about each crewmember’s age, gender, and injuries, such as a healed fracture of the nose.

Next, clay was overlaid onto the cast of the skull to reflect the overall shape of the face, including the forehead, prominence of the brow ridges, profile and outline of the jaw.

When the information was not available from surviving military records, hair, eye and skin color were left to the interpretation of the forensic artist. For a few Hunley crewmembers, hair color was able to be determined from military records.

Facial reconstruction of George Dixon.

The different stages of reconstruction.

How the Faces Came to Life

Twenty-one depth markers were attached to each skull cast at specific locations as a means of estimating average facial thicknesses.

Clay was overlaid onto the cast of the skull to reflect the overall shape of the face, including the forehead, profile and outline of the jaw.

The forensic artist added lines such as crow’s feet and smile creases to reflect the crewmember’s age range as determined by the forensic analysis.

The width of the mouth was approximated by measuring the distance between the canine teeth.

The thickness of the lips was estimated by measuring the distance between the upper and lower central incisors at the location where the tooth meets the gum.

The shape of the nasal spine helped determine the configuration of the lower portion of the nose. For example, an upturned nasal spine suggests a pug nose and a down-turned spine suggests a hook nose.

Hair, eye and skin color were left to the interpretation of the forensic artist.  For a few of the Hunley crewmembers, hair color was able to be accurately determined by preserved hair recovered from the submarine.

Facial reconstruction of Arnold Becker.

Next: Conservation

Contact Info

  • Friends of the Hunley
  • 1250 Supply St, Charleston, SC 29405
  • 843-743-4865
  • info@hunley.org

Hunley Project Updates

  • Tools & Tides
  • New Evidence, New Identities
  • What’s in a Name? Is it the H. L. Hunley or the CSS Hunley?
  • Gold Pocket Watch May Help Solve a Timeless Maritime Mystery
  • Artifacts Belonging to Doomed 19th Century Submarine Captain Conserved

Friends of the Hunley • P.O. Box 21600, Charleston, SC 29413 • 1250 Supply Street, North Charleston, SC 29405 • Copyright © 2025 Friends of the Hunley.